A native of Hangzhou in Zhejiang Province, Wang Ti was a scholar of inscriptions, a calligrapher specializing in the seal and clerical scripts, and a seal-carver who cofounded the Xiling Seal Society. Famous for its seal-carving tradition, it is the premier institution for the study of that art. Clerical script was used from the Warring States period (475–221 B.C.E.). It replaced seal script, whose unconventional and varying characters were unsuited for use by increasingly complex societies. The more uniform clerical style was needed for record-keeping and official communications, which benefited from its orderly procession of characters in a rigid grid. Its idiosyncratic na (捺) brushstroke, which flows down to the right—seen with 減, 魂, and 心 in the fourth column—influenced the sutra and small standard scripts. At the same time, brushes improved, and when paper was invented in 100 B.C.E., scribes developed individual expression, making their brushwork more spirited and expressive, and an awareness of aesthetics began to emerge. Clerical script continues to be one of the most popular styles of Chinese calligraphy, its antiquity considered lovely, now used in shop signs as well as art.