In the late fall of 1912, Georges Braque invented a form of collage called papier collé, the pasting of papers of various materials onto a paper ground. Picasso immediately adopted Braque's innovation, as in Segment of Pear, Wineglass, and Ace of Clubs (no. 8), which in fact repeats, in reverse, the cut out black shape that dominates this collage. As recent scholars have noted, the cut out shapes of the paper, both the forms and the negative shapes and spaces resulting from those cuts, allowed Picasso to consider how forms and their meaning could change according to their relation to other forms—like words in a language—not only in a single work but across a series of works.